Biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol by a Rhodococcus species and a preliminary insight into its toxicoproteome based on mass spectrometry analysis

Aim: The objective of this study was to understand the possible fate of 4-NP through the molecular mechanism and to identify potential enzymes involved in 4-NP biodegradation by Rhodococcus sp. strain BUPNP1 Methodology: Biodegradation of 4-NP was detected spectrophotometrically at 400 nm and also confirmed by TLC and HPLC. Comparative study of proteomes was performed by 2-D gel electrophoresis followed by peptide mass fingerprinting and bioinformatic analysis to identify and/ or predict the possible functions of over-expressed proteins in 4-NP treated cells of BUNP1. Results: Utilization of 4-nitrophenol and its hydrolysis intermediate 4-nitrocatechol (4-NC) and 1,2,4-Benzenetriol as sole carbon source indicated the presence of genomic information encoding the enzyme necessary for the operation of 4-nitrophenol degradation pathway in the strain BUPNP1. It could transform 4-NP into 4-NC by monooxygenase whose major activity was detected during initial stage of degradation. The 4-NC further depleted in the medium to release nitrite ions. In order to investigate the molecular changes occurring during degradation, a comparative study of proteome profiles was carried out where; 4-nitrophenol treated cells were compared against cells grown on glucose as control. The comparative study indicated expression of several protein spots under 4-nitrophenol treated condition. Interpretation: This study showed the potential of BUPNP1 strain belonging to genus Rhodococcus towards induced expression of some unique proteins which might have possible role in 4-NP biodegradation process

Estudio de la adsorción de 4-nitrofenol desde solución acuosa sobre un carbón activado con heteroátomos nitrogenados en la superficie: aplicación del Modelo de Sips / Adsorption study of 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solution on activated carbon with nitrogen heteroatoms on its surface: application of the Sips Model / Estudo da adsorção de 4-nitrofenol a partir de solução aquosa de carvão ativado com heteroátomos azotados na superfície: aplicação do Modelo de Sips

Resumen Se evaluó la aminación de un carbón activado preoxidado con ácido nítrico en la adsorción de 4-nitrofenol. Se aplicó el modelo de Sips a la adsorción desde solución acuosa, utilizando Sigmoidal Logistic 3 Parameter del programa SigmaPlot 12. Los parámetros obtenidos se compararon con los calculados con el programa Statistica 7 para los modelos de Sips y Langmuir. Se encontró que la modificación realizada sobre el carbón activado incrementó la adsorción de 4-nitrofenol de 2,16 a 2,19 mmolg-1, aumentando, a su vez, la afinidad adsorbente-adsorbato. El parámetro para la energía característica del sistema determinado con el modelo de Langmuir toma un valor de 377,47 L mmol-1 al no considerar la heterogeneidad energética, mientras que a partir del modelo de Sips se presenta un valor de 8,32 (Lmmol-1)1/n. Adicionalmente, se encontró que en la ecuación matemática Sigmoidal Logistic 3 Parameter del programa SigmaPlot el valor de 1/x0 corresponde a la constante KLF del modelo Langmuir-Freundlich, mientras que el valor del parámetro Ks del modelo de Sips es igual a (1/x0)-b. Se concluye que la adsorción de 4-nitrofenol sobre el carbón activado se favorece por el incremento de grupos nitrogenados sobre su superficie.

Abstract The amination of a nitric acid pre oxidized activated carbon in the adsorption of 4-nitrophenol was evaluated. The Sips model application to the aqueous solution adsorption data, using Sigmoidal Logistic 3 Parameter formula, in the SigmaPlot 12 program was applied. The obtained parameters were compared with those calculated with Statistica 7 program for Sips and Langmuir models. It was found that the activated carbon increases the adsorption from 2.16 to 2.19 mmol g-1, showing good adsorbent-adsorbate affinity. The system's characteristic energy parameter calculated with the Langmuir model was 377.47 L mmol-1, when not considering energy heterogeneity, while from the Sips model was 8.32 (L.mmol-1)1/n. Additionally, it was found that in the mathematical equation Sigmoidal Logistic 3 Parameter of the SigmaPlot program, the 1/x0 value corresponds to the Langmuir-Freundlich model constant KLF, while the parameter value KS in the Sips model is equal to (1/x0)-b in this program. It was concluded that the 4-nitrophenol adsorption on activated carbon is favored by the presence of nitrogen groups on their activated carbon surface.

Resumo Foi avaliada a aminação de um carvão ativado preoxidado com ácido nítrico na adsorção do 4-nitrofenol. Foi aplicado o modelo de Sips à adsorção desde solução aquosa usando Logística Sigmoidal 3 do programa Sigmaplot 12. Os parâmetros obtidos foram comparados com os calculados com o programa Statistica 7, para os modelos de Sips e Langmuir. Foi encontrado que a modificação do carvão ativado incrementou a adsorção de 4-nitrofenol de 2,16 até 2,19 mmolg-1, acrescentando a afinidade adsorvente-adsorvato. O parâmetro para a energia característica do sistema calculado com o modelo Langmuir teve um valor de 377,47 Lmmol-1 porque não considerou a heterogeneidade energética, enquanto que no modelo de Sips este parâmetro teve um valor de 8,32 (Lmmol-1)1/n. Além disso, foi encontrado que na equação matemática Sigmoidal Logistic 3 Parameter do programa Sigmaplot 3 o valor de 1/x0 corresponde à constante KLF do modelo Langmuir-Freundlich, enquanto o valor do parâmetro KS do modelo de Sips é igual a (1/x0)-b. Conclui-se que a adsorção do 4-nitrofenol sobre carvão ativado é favorecida pela presença de grupos nitrogenado na superfície destes.

Changes in hepatic metabolic enzyme activities and biliary excretion of 4-nitrophenol in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Abstract Activity of hepatic metabolic enzymes of glucuronidation and sulfation of 4-nitrophenol (PNP) and biliary excretion of its glucuronide (PNP-G) and sulfate (PNP-S) conjugates have been investigated in control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 500 µM PNP solution was luminally perfused in a cannulated jejunal loop for 90 minutes. It was found that biliary excretion of PNP-G was significantly decreased in the diabetic rats. This effect of STZ could be completely reversed by administration of rapid-acting insulin. Activity of hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase and ß-glucuronidase was also depressed by the STZ pretreatment. Administration of insulin antagonized the inhibitory action of STZ on UDP-glucuronyltransferase, but the reduced activity of ß-glucuronidase was not reversed. Biliary excretion of PNP-S was also depressed in the diabetic rats. Whereas, different effects of insulin administration were observed. Namely, the lower biliary excretion rate of PNP-S was not changed after administration of insulin. Activity of the sulfotransferase and the arylsulfatase enzymes was not altered either by STZ pretreatment or by insulin administration. Biliary excretion of PNP was also significantly depressed by STZ and this depression was not changed after insulin administration. The results call attention to hepatobiliary circulation of low molecular weight xenobiotics and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates